Block quotation
- Text including block quotations, notes, bibliography entries, table titles, and figure captions must be double-spaced.
- For block quotations five or more lines, or >100 words, should be blocked.
- Blocked quotation does not get enclosed in quotation marks.
- Use a 1/2″ indent for paragraph beginnings for block quotes and hanging (bibliography) indents.
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/2/
Fuchs (2014) believes:
Neither techno-optimism nor techno-pessimism is the appropriate method
for analyzing social media. Rather, one needs to decentre the analysis
from technology and focus on the interaction of the power structures of
the political economy of capitalism with social media (p. 256).
=================================================
- Number the pages in the top right corner of the paper, beginning with the first page of text.
2.8Line spacing
Though authors may prefer to use minimal line spacing on the screen, publishers have customarily required that any printout be double-spaced—including all extracts, notes, bibliography, and other material.
except for block quotes that are single spaced(in 16th ed). (in 17 this exception is removed)
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Author-Date Style In-text Citation: Parenthetical References (p. 620-624)
In parentheses, cite the author’s last name, followed directly by the publication year with no punctuation
between.
Where the author’s name is mentioned in the sentence, cite the publication date in parentheses after the author’s last name wherever it appears in the sentence and before a mark of punctuation.
To cite a particular part of a source, include the last name and publication year, a comma, and page number(s);
for journals, include the last name and publication year, a comma, the volume number, a colon, and page number(s).
• A citation for a journal article appearing in the text as either: Cite at the end:
An extra line space should immediately precede and follow a blocked quotation.
Enclose:
http://www.cu-portland.edu/sites/default/files/pdf/CHICAGO%20SAMPLE%20PAPER%20(Purdue%20OWL).pdf Cite at the beginning:
|
=========================================================================
The author-date system has long been used by those in the physical, natural, and social sciences.
http://lib.trinity.edu/research/citing/Chicago_Author_Date_16th_ed.pdf
Citing sources in this style consists of two parts:
- An in-text citation
- A reference list
In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and date of publication. From this point of view it is similar to APA.
The short citations are amplified in a list of references, where full bibliographic information is provided.
===================================
Footnotes or end-notes can be used to supplement the Author-Date style to provide additional relevant commentary and/or to cite sources that do not readily lend themselves to the Author-Date References system.
===================================
Numbered Headings/Subheadings (17th edition 2.18, 8.159 and 8.160)
Each subhead on a new line, flush left. Each level of subhead must be clearly distinguished so that the different levels can be identified and carried over for publication.
Numbering of sections, and subsections provides easy reference. Sections are numbered within chapters, subsections within sections, and sub-subsections within subsections. The number of each division is preceded by the numbers of all higher divisions, and all division numbers are separated by periods, colons, or hyphens. For example:
12.2-24: Numbering displayed mathematical expressions
Chicago prefers headline-style capitalization for subheads, with no period added at the end.
*Capitalize the first and last words in titles and subtitles. Capitalize all other major words. But Lowercase words to and as, articles the, a, and an as well as common coordinating conjunctions and, but, for, or, and nor.
4.5 Democracy That Works Is Better Than Dictatorship That Do Not
*An exception is made for run-in heads, italicized and followed by a period and capitalized sentence-style:
*Lowercase prepositions, regardless of length (except when they are used adverbially or adjectivally (up in Look Up, down in Turn Down, on in The On Button, to in Come To, etc.) or when they compose part of a Latin expression used adjectivally or adverbially (De Facto, In Vitro, etc.))
4.6 Three Hypothesis concerning the Democracy according to Plato
*Lowercase the part of a proper name that would be lowercased in text, such as de or von.
4.7 Accusers of Comte de Monte-Cristo Fail the Job
*Lowercase the second part of a species name, such as fulvescens in Acipenser fulvescens, even if it is the last word in a title or subtitle.
4.8 From Homo erectus to Homo sapiens: A Brief History
The first sentence of text following a subhead should not refer to the subhead; words should be repeated where necessary. For example:
Chicago Headings Type 2 |
|
Level |
Format |
1 |
4. Centered, Boldface or Italic Type, Headline-style Capitalization |
2 |
4.1 Centered, Regular Type, Headline-style Capitalization |
3 |
4.1.1 Flush Left, Boldface or Italic Type, Headline-style Capitalization |
4 |
4.1.1.2 Flush left, roman type, sentence-style capitalization |
5 |
Run in at beginning of paragraph (no blank line after), boldface or italic type, sentence-style capitalization, terminal period. Democracy in media. It is blah ……….. |
================================================================
Figures should be placed as close as possible to the text to which they refer.
Label all drawings, photos, charts, graphs, maps, etc. as “Figure” or “Fig”
below the image, followed by an Arabic numeral, a period, and a caption.
Number tables and figures separately in the order you mention them in the text.
In the text, identify tables and figures by number (“in figure 3”) rather than by location (“below”).
For example:
![]() |
Figure 1. Gandhi the same font and size of the text |
======================================================================
In text Citation examples for Author-date Chicago system (best)
http://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/c.php?g=246210&p=1640153
Murdoch University Site:
• Use only the surname of the author followed by the year of publication. Include page, chapter, section or paragraph numbers if you need to be specific. A comma is placed between the year of publication and the page, chapter, section or paragraph numbers. No distinction is made between books, journal articles, internet documents or other formats except for electronic documents that do not provide page numbers. In this instance, use the paragraph number, if available, with the abbreviation par. • Citations in the text can either be either placed at the end of a sentence in parentheses (brackets) or alternatively, the author’s name may be included in the text, and just the date and additional information placed within the brackets. ————————- • A citation for a book appearing in the text as:
• A citation for a journal article appearing in the text as either: Cite at the end:
Enclosing:
http://www.cu-portland.edu/sites/default/files/pdf/CHICAGO%20SAMPLE%20PAPER%20(Purdue%20OWL).pdf Cite at the beginning:
In reference lists, no page numbers are given for books; For journal articles or chapters or other sections of a book, the beginning and ending page numbers of the entire article or chapter are given.
———————————————— • An electronic document would be cited in the text in the same way as a print document. There are many useful materials available (Raidal and Dunsmore 1996, par. 13) would be given in the reference list as: Raidal, Shane R., and Jon Dunsmore. 1996. Parasites of Companion Birds: A Survey of Alimentary Tract Parasites. http://wwwvet.murdoch.edu.au/caf/parasit.htm. ——————————————— Note: When referring to multiple authors within the text and within parentheses, precede the final name with the word and … as Kurtines and Szapocnik (2003) demonstrated. |
Purdue OWL: Chicago Manual of Style 16th Edition
This guide outlines the author-date system.
In text Citation examples for Author-date System
——————–=————————
There are four common methods of referring to a source document in the text of an essay, thesis or assignment. These methods are direct quotation from another source, paraphasing or summarising material, and citing the whole of a source document. In academic writing, most of your essay or assignment should be phrased in your own words and the overuse of direct quotation should be avoided.
Quoting
Short quotes
- Quotations match a small section of the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author and enclosed within quotation marks. When quoting, the relevant page number(s) must be given:
Larsen (1991, 245) stated that “many of the facts in this case are incorrect”.
- If information is left out, three dots … must be used to show where the missing information goes:
As Ballard and Clanchy (1988, 14) have argued, “Learning within the university is a process of gradual socialization into a distinctive culture of knowledge, and … literacy must be seen in terms of the functions to which language is put in that culture”.
Longer quotes (block quotation)
-
- In general, avoid using too many long quotes and remember to introduce or integrate quotations smoothly into the rest of your assignment
-
- You may choose to indent a larger block of quoted text. Such blocks of quoted texts usually consist of more than one sentence or more than 40 words
-
- Blocks of quoted text should be indented from the left margin only, single spaced and may be one point smaller than the standard font size:
Wider applications are increasingly being found for many drugs such as invermectin. For example, Crump (2006, 53) confirms that:
or Wider applications are increasingly being found for many drugs such as Aspirin. The following passage will be enlightening:
|
Quotations within quotations
- Use a single quotation mark to indicate previously quoted material within your quotationShort Quotation:
She stated, “The ‘placebo effect’ … disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Miele 1993, 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.
OR
Miele (1993) found that “‘the placebo effect’, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (276).
The author-date system inserts minimal source information directly into the text itself, surrounded by parentheses, and follows up with the rest of the source information in a list of references at the end of the paper. Imagine that you’re writing a paper on the ideal politician and are quoting a particular author’s ideas about desirable qualities in a politician. An excerpt from a sentence in the text of a paper written using the author-date would look like this:
While some assert that the essential qualities a politician must possess are, "passion, a feeling of responsibility, and a sense of proportion" (Weber 1946, 33), others think that ...
The entry in the list of references would look like this:
Weber, Max. 1946. Politics as a Vocation. In Essays in Sociology, edited by
H.H. Garth and C. W. Mills, 26-45. New York: Macmillian.
=========================================================
Author-date: “References”
letter-by-letter alphabetical order according to the first word in each entry.
Sources you consulted but did not directly cite may or may not be included.
the date is immediately after the author’s name.
Spacing
entries are singled-spaced
Two blank lines should be left between “References” and your first entry.
One blank line should be left between remaining entries
Order
Citations beginning with names and those beginning with titles are to be alphabetized together. Numbers in titles are treated as though they have been spelled out. For names, alphabetize based on the letters that come before the comma separating the last name from the first, and disregard any spaces or other punctuation in the last name. For titles, ignore articles such as “a” and “the” (and equivalents in other languages) for alphabetization purposes.
References
Chicago Author-Date: in the reference list: the publication name is italic
Lastname, Firstname. Year. Book title in italics. Edition number if not first. City: publisher. Lastname, Firstname. Year. Book title in italics. City, StateOrCountryAbbr: publisher. The title of a chapter in book or title of an article in a publication is in double quote not italic: Lastname, Firstname. Year. “article title in double quote.” Journal of Publication in italics. City: publisher. In the reference list, do not abbreviate “edited by” or “translated by”. Lastname, Firstname. Year. “article title.” In Name of the EditedBook in italics, edited by FN LN, page-page. City: publisher. Lastname, Firstname, and FN LN. Year. “article title.” In EditedBook in etalics, edited by FN LN, page-page. City: publisher. Lastname, Firstname, FN LN, and FN LN. Year. “article title.” In EditedBook in etalics, edited by FN LN, page-page. City: publisher. no comma after Journal before volume Lastname, Firstname. Year. “article title.” Journal in italics Volume (issue): page-page. City: publisher. CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK Precede the title of the book with In. Note the location of the page range for LN, FN. Year. “aaatitleaaa.” In edited book , edited by Amir Ghaseminejad, page-page. city:publisher.
volume(issue): page range. Shirky, Clay. 2011. “The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change.” Foreign Affairs 90 (1): 28–41. Morgan, John, and Jack Thompson. 1998. “PCR Detection of Cryptosporidium: The Way Forward.” Parasitology Today 14 (6): 241-245. Blair, Walter. 1977. “Americanized Comic Braggars.” Critical Inquiry 4 (2): 331-49. no comma between the journal name and volume (issue):page-page. Karmaus, Wilfried, and John F Riebow. 2004. “Storage of Plastic and
The DOl is preferred to a URL
Blair, Walter. 1977. “Americanized Comic Braggars.” Critical Inquiry 4 (2): 331-49. Becker, Elizabeth. 2003. “U.S threatens to act against Europeans over modified foods.”New York Times, Jan. 10.
Brest, Martin. 2003. Gigli. DVD. New York: Sony Home Entertainment.
Couper, Heather, and Nigel Henbest. 2002. “The hunt for Planet X.” New Scientist, 14 December, 30-34.
Delaroche, Paul. 1829. “Portrait of a Woman,” pastel drawing (Ackland Art Museum, Chapel Hill, NC). In European Drawings from the Collection of the Ackland Art Museum, by Carol C. Gillham and Carolyn H. Wood. Chapel Hill: The Museum, University of North Carolina, 2001, page 93.
Fildes, Alan, and Joann Fletcher. 2001. Alexander the Great: Son of the gods. London: Duncan Baird.
Freud, Sigmund. 1950. Beyond the pleasure principle. Translated by James Strachey. New York: Liveright.
Gezon, Lisa L. 2002. “Marriage, kin, and compensation: A socio-political ecology of gender in Ankarana, Madagascar.” Anthropological Quarterly 75 (4): 675-706.
Google. 2009. “Google Privacy Policy.” http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
Haas, Stephanie. 2007. “Relational algebra 1.” (lecture in Introduction to Database Concepts and Applications, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC).
Haldon, John. 2002. “Humour and the everyday in Byzantium.” In Humour, history, and politics in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, edited by Guy Halsall, 48-71. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hedges, Chris. 2000. “When armies of conquest marched in, so did saints.” New York Times, February 12, LexisNexis Academic.
Kane, Dan and Jane Stancill. 2003. “UNC building projects advance.” Raleigh News & Observer, July 15. http://www.news-observer.com/front/story/2694510p-2498221c.html.
Monet, Claude. 1885. i>Meadow with Haystacks at Giverny, oil on canvas (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston). ARTstor.
Li, Albert P., and Robert H. Heflich, eds. 1991. Genetic toxicology. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Rathgeb, Jody. 1997. “Taking the heights.” Civil War Times Illustrated 36 (6): 26-32, Academic Search Premier (9185).
Reid, P. H. 2001. “The decline and fall of the British country house library.” Libraries & Culture 36 (2): 345-366. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/libraries_and_culture/v036/36.2reid.html.
Scholz, Christopher H. 2002. The mechanics of earthquakes and faulting. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Single author Nicholas, F. 2010. Introduction to Veterinary Genetics. 3rd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Two authors Three or more authors Edited work If the city of publication is not abbreviated, if city is unknown to readers or may be confused with another city of the same city: publisher or city, StateOrCountryAbbr: publisher Woodward, K. N., ed. 2009. Veterinary Pharmacovigilance: Adverse Reactions to Veterinary Medicinal Products. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Later edition No date of publication Two or more books by the same author published in the same year Gilbert, Sandra M. 1972b. Emily’s Bread: Poems. New York: Norton. Multivolume work Translation Edited translation (where role of editor or translator is of chief importance) Organisation Government publication Government departments Newspaper article Marshall, Tyler. “200th Birthday of Grimms Celebrated.” Los Angeles Times, 15 March 1985, sec. 1A, p. 3.
***The parentheses that enclose a text citation may also include a comment, separated from the citation by a semicolon. (Mandolan 2009; t-tests are used here) Western Australia. Environmental Protection Authority. 1998. Industrial Infrastructure and Harbour Development, Jervoise Bay. Bulletin 908. Perth: EPA. Please Note: Documents authored by government departments are cited following the jurisdiction they report to. Precede the department name with Australia., Western Australia., etc. |
http://davidson.libguides.com/c.php?g=349327&p=2357431
The author-date citation in the text must correspond exactly to its full citation in the reference list.
- Basic form. Include the author’s last name and year of publication.
(Cox 1997)
- Two authors with the same last name. Add a first initial to distinguish between the two.
(M. Cox 1997)
- Citation of a specific page or section. Insert a comma after the date and then give page number. Always include page number for direct quotations.
(Cox 1997, 21)
- Two publications by the same author in the same year. Use “a” and “b” to differentiate between the two.
(Cox 1997a) and (Cox 1997b)
- Two or three authors. Include all names in the citation.
(Cox, Cunningham, and Hatleberg 1997)
- More than three authors. Include the first name, followed by “et al.” (meaning “and others”).
(Cox et al. 1997)
- Multiple references in the same citation. Separate the citations with semicolons.
(Cox 1997; Cunningham 1996; Hatleberg 1996)
==========================================
In the Chicago Manual of Style 16, Chapter 15 is related to Author-Date
15.3 Notes and bibliography entries as models for author-date references. Most of
the examples in chapter14 are readily adapted to the author-date style-in
almost all cases by a different ordering or arrangement of elements.
Most reference list entries are identical to entries in a bibliography except for
the position of the year of publication, which in a reference list follows the
author’s name.
Unlike bibliography entries (see 14.59), each entry in the
reference list must correspond to a work cited in the text.
Text citations differ from citations in notes by presenting only the author’s last name
and the year of publication, followed by a page number or other locator, if any. This chapter, by focusing on these and other differences, will
allow readers to adapt any of the examples in chapter 14 to the authordate system.
14.157 Abbreviations for “page,” “volume,” and so on. In citations, the words page, volume, and the like are usually abbreviated and often simply omitted (see 14.158 ). The most commonly used abbreviations are p. {pl. pp. ), vol., chap. , bk., sec. , n. {pl. nn. ), no., app., and fg. ; for these and others, see Unless following aperiod, all are lowercased,
A Dance to the Music of Time, 4 vols.
When a number or a range of numbers clearly denotes the pages in a book, p. or pp. may be omitted; the numbers alone, preceded by a comma, are sufficient. Where the presence of other numerals threatens ambiguity, p. or pp. may be added for clarity. (And if an author has used p. and pp. consistently throughout a work, there is no
Volume:page
Page numbers, needed for specifc references If the chapter or other section number 14. Claire Kehrwald Cook, “Mismanaged Numbers and References,” in Line by
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Notes/Bibliography Chicago Style consists of two parts:
- A superscript number in the text and corresponding note
- A bibliography
==============================================
9.3An alternative rule—zero through nine
Many publications, including those in scientific or journalistic contexts, follow the simple rule of
spell out only single-digit numbers and use numerals for all others
- My house is three years old.
- According to a recent appraisal, my house is 103 years old.
- The official attendance at this year’s fair was 47,122.
9.5 When a number begins a sentence, it is always spelled out.
One hundred ten candidates were accepted.
9.6 Ordinals
The general rule applies to ordinal as well as cardinal numbers.
for example, 122nd and 123rd. The letters in ordinal numbers should not appear as superscripts .
Gwen stole second book in the top half of the first inning.
She found herself in 125th position out of 360.
9.18 Percentages
Except at the beginning of a sentence, percentages are usually expressed in numerals. In nontechnical contexts, the word percent is generally used; in scientific and statistical copy, the symbol % is more common.
Chicago Lists
6.124
A colon is normally used after as follows, the following. (For lists, see 6.121–26.)
Colon Should NOT be used after namely, for example.
A vertical list is best introduced by a complete grammatical sentence, followed by a colon.
If the items are numbered, a period follows the numeral and each item begins with a capital letter.
Items carry no closing punctuation unless they consist of complete sentences.
- To illustrate the the importance of democracy
- To distinguish the use of semicolons from the use of periods
- To illustrate the use of parentheses within dashes
For the following reasons, I feel bad for people who don’t visit the website:
a. They will miss this Web bonus.
b. They can’t sign up for the e-mail newsletter with free grammar tips.
c. They don’t see all the other great Quick and Dirty Tips shows.
To avoid long, skinny lists, short items may be arranged in two or more columns.
Example:
color
|
quality
|
||
security
|
weight
|
||
access
|
design efficiency
|
If items run over a line, the second and subsequent lines are usually indented (flush-and-hang style, also called hanging indention, as used in bibliographies and indexes).
- Pull the stem out to the time-setting position (i.e., past the date-setting position
of the best device. - If you are able to consult the correct time, adjust the minute hand accordingly, and press the stem all the way in on the exact second. If you are not able to consult the correct time, settle on a minute or so past the time noted in step 2.
- Control toner usage by turning EconoMode on or off.
- Adjust print quality by changing the Resolution Enhancement technology and Print Density settings.
- Manage printer memory by changing the Image Adapt and Page Protect settings.
Short, simple lists are usually better run in, especially if the introduction and the items form a complete grammatical sentence (see 6.123).
Lists that require typographic prominence, that are relatively long, or that contain items of several levels (see 6.126) should be set vertically.
6.65
If a colon intervenes in what would otherwise constitute a grammatical sentence—even if the introduction appears on a separate line, as in a list (see 6.121–26)—it is probably being used inappropriately.
A colon, for example, should not be used before a series that serves as the object of a verb.
Apply this test: to merit a colon, the words that introduce a series or list must themselves constitute a grammatically complete sentence.
Nor should a colon normally be used after namely, for example, and similar expressions (see 6.43).
The Chicago Manual of Style, Grammatically Correct, and The Little Penguin Handbook state that colons shouldn’t follow statements that couldn’t stand on their own as complete sentences. Therefore,
Two questions are especially popular:
1. Should items begin with a capital letter?
2. Should items end with any punctuation?
You may choose to support
a. democracy,
b. dictatorship, or
c. liberal democracy.
Bullets
In order to make polo, we need to mix
-
Rice
-
Water
-
Salt
-
Oil
After mix “:” does not exits because” we need to mix” is not a complete sentence. After Rice we opted to have no punctuation because it is not a complete sentence.
Lettered Lists (are in fact a version of bullet list)
But there is a need to choose individual items or
we want to refer to an item later or
Lettered lists is used when you want to keep them in a sentence instead of listing them vertically.
it is ok to say:
You have to consider shareholders, employees, and customers.
or
You have to consider (a) shareholders, (b) employees, and (c) customers.
The second is easier to recognize and refer back to later. “You have to consider” is not a complete sentence therefore “:” is not used.
6.121 Unless introductory numerals or letters serve a purpose—to indicate the order in which tasks should be done, to suggest chronology or relative importance among the items, to facilitate text references, or, in a run-in list, to clearly separate the items—they may be omitted.
6.123
If numerals or letters are used to mark the divisions in a run-in list, enclose them in parentheses.
If the introductory material forms a grammatically complete sentence, a colon should precede the first parenthesis (see also 6.59, 6.62, 6.65).
The items are separated by commas unless any of the items requires internal commas, in which case all the items will usually need to be separated by semicolons (see 6.58).
You are advised to pack the following items: (a) warm, sturdy outer clothing and enough underwear to last ten days; (b) two pairs of boots, two pairs of sneakers, and plenty of socks; and (c) three durable paperback novels.
“You are advised to pack the following items” is a complete sentence therefore “:” is used
When each item in a list consists of a complete sentence or several sentences, the list is best set vertically (see 6.124).
Example:
For the following reasons, I feel bad for people who don’t visit the website:
a. They will miss this Web bonus.
b. They can’t sign up for the e-mail newsletter with free grammar tips.
c. They don’t see all the other great Quick and Dirty Tips shows.
The introducing sentence has “:” it is complete but refers to the list.
———————
Example:
You have to consider
a. shareholders
b. employees
c. customers
If you mention a letter later in your text, enclose it in parentheses
(e.g., Item (c) is the most important stakeholder)
You can use capital or lowercase letters for your list,
but the typical style is to use lowercase letters.
The most important thing is to be consistent.
Notice that in this example the verb is not in the item.
Numbered Lists
Numbers are reserved for instances where the items in the list need to follow a specific sequence, steps.
Example:
To sort a list
1. Put the items in an array.
2. Compare the first item with other items.
3. Move the item if it is greater than the other.
Notice that in the example above each item is a complete a sentence.
It must start a capital letter, has a verb and has a full stop.
The introducing sentence does not have “:” because it is not complete, the items complete it.
In a list with fewer levels, one might dispense with capital roman numerals and capital letters and instead begin with arabic numerals.
Example:
https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/formatting-vertical-lists
http://editingandwritingservices.com/bullets/
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6.43
The abbreviations i.e. (“that is”) and e.g. (“for example”), should be confined to parentheses or notes and followed by a comma.
6.82
Em dashes are used to set off an amplifying or explanatory element or a colon —especially when an abrupt break in thought is called for.