BRICS

http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/230823-declaration.html

URL: https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/24/brics-currency-end-dollar-dominance-united-states-russia-china/

URL: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/aug/27/multipolar-world-dollars-dominance-wont-last-forever-brics

URL: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/aug/28/the-guardian-view-on-brics-demand-for-membership-is-a-symptom-of-global-disorder

URL: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-brics-growing-momentum-is-a-direct-challenge-to-the-us-led-economic/

South Africa

Land Reform 2019

The dispossession of land through the 1913 Natives Land Act was apartheid’s original sin. The “land question” goes back more than a century to the 1913 Natives Land Act, which provided legislative form to a process of dispossession that had been under way since colonial times.

The 1913 Natives Land Act saw thousands of black families forcibly removed from their land by the apartheid government. The Act became law on 19 June 1913 limiting African land ownership to 7 percent and later 13 percent through the 1936 Native Trust and Land Act of South Africa. The Act restricted black people from buying or occupying land. The apartheid government began the mass relocation of black people to poor homelands and to poorly planned and serviced townships. No longer able to provide for themselves and their families, people were forced to look for work far away from their homes. This marked the beginning of socio-economic challenges the country is facing today such as landlessness, poverty and inequality. The Land Act was finally repealed when the Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991 (Act No. 108 of 1991) came into force on 30 June 1991.

https://www.gov.za/issues/land-reform

https://www.gov.za/documents/final-report-presidential-advisory-panel-land-reform-and-agriculture-28-jul-2019-0000

https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/land-reform-in-south-africa

https://theconversation.com/land-reform-in-south-africa-what-the-real-debate-should-be-about-182277

 

China

Jun 19, 2023
Tariffs the Trump administration imposed on Chinese imports are still in place : NPR. Tariffs the Trump administration imposed on Chinese imports are still in place President Biden has held on to one of the signature economic policies of his predecessor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war

URL: https://www.cfr.org/blog/cost-trumps-trade-war-china-still-adding

Tarrifs: https://taxfoundation.org/research/all/federal/tariffs-trump-trade-war/

https://www.npr.org/2023/06/19/1183040910/tariffs-the-trump-administration-imposed-on-chinese-imports-are-still-in-place

 

Russia

Minsk : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk_agreements

Revolution: https://jacobin.com/2022/02/maidan-protests-neo-nazis-russia-nato-crimea

EuroMeidan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan

Crimea: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation

2018 Azov: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/29/russia-blocked-ukrainian-azov-sea-ports-minister

https://www.rferl.org/a/nato-pledges-support-ukraine-azov-sea-incident/29654701.html

Mariopol: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/why-is-the-sea-of-azov-so-important/

 

 

Brazil

 

 

India

 

IRAN

Before JCPOA during Russia and China Honeymoon with the west

  • United Nations Security Council Resolution 1696 – passed on 31 July 2006. Demanded that Iran suspend all enrichment-related and reprocessing activities and threatened sanctions.[33]
  • United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737 – passed on 23 December 2006 in response to the proliferation risks presented by the Iranian nuclear program and, in this context, by Iran’s continuing failure to meet the requirements of the International Atomic Energy Agency Board of Governors and to comply with the provisions of Security Council resolution 1696 (2006).[34] Made mandatory for Iran to suspend enrichment-related and reprocessing activities and cooperate with the IAEA, imposed sanctions banning the supply of nuclear-related materials and technology, and froze the assets of key individuals and companies related to the program.
  • United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747 – passed on 24 March 2007. Imposed an arms embargo and expanded the freeze on Iranian assets.
  • United Nations Security Council Resolution 1803 – passed on 3 March 2008. Extended the asset freezes and called upon states to monitor the activities of Iranian banks, inspect Iranian ships and aircraft, and to monitor the movement of individuals involved with the program through their territory.
  • United Nations Security Council Resolution 1835 – Passed in 2008.
  • United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929 – passed on 9 June 2010. Banned Iran from participating in any activities related to ballistic missiles, tightened the arms embargo, travel bans on individuals involved with the program, froze the funds and assets of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard and Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines, and recommended that states inspect Iranian cargo, prohibit the servicing of Iranian vessels involved in prohibited activities, prevent the provision of financial services used for sensitive nuclear activities, closely watch Iranian individuals and entities when dealing with them, prohibit the opening of Iranian banks on their territory and prevent Iranian banks from entering into a relationship with their banks if it might contribute to the nuclear program, and prevent financial institutions operating in their territory from opening offices and accounts in Iran.
  • United Nations Security Council Resolution 1984 – passed on 9 June 2011. This resolution extended the mandate of the panel of experts that supports the Iran Sanctions Committee for one year.
  • United Nations Security Council Resolution 2049 – passed on 7 June 2012. Renewed the mandate of the Iran Sanctions Committee’s Panel of Experts for 13 months.

 

Argentina

URL: https://www.reuters.com/world/china/argentina-govt-pay-chinese-imports-yuan-rather-than-dollars-2023-04-26/

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