Cause, Causality

Cause:

Material cause is the material of which it consists.
Formal cause is its form, i.e. the arrangement of that matter.
Moving cause is “the primary source of the change or rest.”
final cause is its aim or purpose. That for the sake of which a thing is what it is.
Necessary causes: If x is a necessary cause of y, x must exist for y to happen. then the presence of y necessarily implies the presence of x. The presence of x, however, does not imply that y will occur.
Sufficient causes: If x is a sufficient cause of y, then the presence of x necessarily implies the presence of y. However, another cause z may alternatively cause y. Thus, the presence of y does not imply the presence of x. A sufficient cause is a complete causal mechanism. It can be defined as a set of events that inevitably produce a disease.
Root Cause: The root cause is the core issue—the highest-level cause—that sets in motion the entire cause-and-effect reaction that ultimately leads to the problem(s). Root Cause B is a Root Cause for A, if the elimination or or correction of B, would have prevented the the outcome from existing or occurring. ? Systemic, process, long‐term , Basic, underlying ?
Example: https://www.businessinsider.com/justin-trudeau-blames-plane-crash-on-trump-and-irans-escalation-2020-1
Contributing cause : (“علت معد”) :  A cause that is neither a necessary nor a sufficient cause is called a contributory cause (or component cause). It is a factor that increases the likelihood of an effect or contributes to its occurrence, but it is not required for the effect to happen, nor does it guarantee the effect will occur.

A cause may be classified as a “contributory cause,” if the presumed cause precedes the effect, and altering the cause alters the effect. It does not require that all those subjects which possess the contributory cause experience the effect. It does not require that all those subjects which are free of the contributory cause be free of the effect. In other words, a contributory cause may be neither necessary nor sufficient but it must be contributory. Changes the severity and frequency of problem

Contributory causes For some specific effect, in a singular case, a factor that is a contributory cause is one among several co-occurrent causes. It is implicit that all of them are contributory. For the specific effect, in general, there is no implication that a contributory cause is necessary, though it may be so. In general, a factor that is a contributory cause is not sufficient, because it is by definition accompanied by other causes, which would not count as causes if it were sufficient. For the specific effect, a factor that is on some occasions a contributory cause might on some other occasions be sufficient, but on those other occasions it would not be merely contributory.

A cause that is not sufficient to bring about an end or event but that helps in some way to bring about that end or event. A contributing cause may be a necessary condition or it may influence events more indirectly by affecting other conditions that make the event more likely. A contributory cause may be neither necessary nor sufficient but it must be contributory. It may change the severity , frequency or probability of problem.

Riegelman, Richard. 1979. “Contributory Cause: Unnecessary and Insufficient.” Postgraduate Medicine 66 (2): 177–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1979.11715231.

https://dictionary.apa.org/contributing-cause

=-=-=-=-

A probabilistically causes B
 if A’s occurrence increases the probability of B. This is sometimes interpreted to reflect imperfect knowledge of a deterministic system but other times interpreted to mean that the causal system under study is inherently probabilistic, such as quantum mechanics.

 

 

Immediate Cause 

Causes can be:  immediate, intermediate and distant causes

An “immediate cause” is the final, most direct, and obvious event in a chain of circumstances that leads to an injury, accident, or specific outcome. It is the trigger event that occurs right before the result.
Here is a breakdown of the concept based on different fields: 
Key Characteristics
  • Directness: It is the closest event in time to the result.
  • Visibility: It is usually easily observed or identified, often appearing as an “unsafe act” or “unsafe condition”.
  • Action-Oriented: It answers the question “What happened?” rather than “Why did it happen?”.  
Examples
  • Workplace Accident: A worker slips on a puddle of oil. The immediate cause is the slippery floor (unsafe condition) or the action of walking through it (unsafe act).
  • Car Accident: A car crashes into a tree. The immediate cause is the impact of the collision.
  • Fire: A faulty toaster sparks and causes a fire. The immediate cause is the electrical short circuit. 
 Immediate Cause vs. Other Terms 
  • vs. Root Cause: The immediate cause can be a symptom, the root cause is the underlying reason (why it was allowed to happen). For instance, a worker falling is the immediate cause; lack of safety training is the root cause.
  • vs. Proximate Cause: The immediate cause is the final trigger, whereas the proximate cause is the primary, underlying factor that sets the chain of events in motion (e.g., drunk driving is the proximate cause of a crash, while the car hitting the tree is the immediate cause). A proximate cause is close to immediately responsible causing immediate cause, some observed result. This exists in contrast to a higher-level ultimate cause (or distal cause) which is usually thought of as the “real” reason something occurred.

 

 

 

 root cause,
2) immediate antecedent,
3) object support, and
4) predominance.

The six attributes of causes are:

1) instrumentality (kāraṇahetu), deemed the primary factor in result production;

2) simultaneity or coexistence, which connects phenomena that arise simultaneously;

3) homogeneity, explaining the homogenous flow that evokes phenomena continuity;

4) association, which operates only between mental factors and explains why consciousness appears as assemblages to mental factors;

5) dominance, which forms one’s habitual cognitive and behaviorist dispositions; and

6) fruition, referring to whatever is the actively wholesome or unwholesome result. The four conditions and six causes interact with each other in explaining phenomenal experience: for instance, each conscious moment acts both as the homogenous cause, as well as the immediate antecedent consciousness condition rise, and its concomitants, in a subsequent moment.

 

 

For Aristotelian philosophy before Aquinas, the word cause had a broad meaning. It meant ‘answer to a why question’ or ‘explanation’, and Aristotelian scholars recognized four kinds of such answers. With the end of the Middle Ages, in many philosophical usages, the meaning of the word ’cause’ narrowed. It often lost that broad meaning, and was restricted to just one of the four kinds. For authors such as Niccolò Machiavelli, in the field of political thinking, and Francis Bacon, concerning science more generally, 

Hume expanded this to a list of eight ways of judging whether two things might be cause and effect. The first three:

1. “The cause and effect must be contiguous in space and time.”
2. “The cause must be prior to the effect.”
3. “There must be a constant union betwixt the cause and effect. ‘This chiefly this quality, that constitutes the relation.”

And then additionally there are three connected criteria which come from our experience and which are “the source of most of our philosophical reasonings”:

4. “The same cause always produces the same effect, and the same effect never arises but from the same cause. This principle we derive from experience, and is the source of most of our philosophical reasonings.”
5. Hanging upon the above, Hume says that “where several different objects produce the same effect, it must be by means of some quality, which we discover to be common amongst them.”
6. And “founded on the same reason”: “The difference in the effects of two resembling objects must proceed from that particular, in which they differ.”

And then two more:

7. “When any object increases or diminishes with the increase or diminution of its cause, ’tis to be regarded as a compounded effect, deriv’d from the union of the several different effects, which arise from the several different parts of the cause.”
8. An “object, which exists for any time in its full perfection without any effect, is not the sole cause of that effect, but requires to be assisted by some other principle, which may forward its influence and operation.”

In 1949, physicist Max Born distinguished determination from causality. For him, determination meant that actual events are so linked by laws of nature that certainly reliable predictions and retrodictions can be made from sufficient present data about them. He describes two kinds of causation: nomic or generic causation and singular causation.

Nomic causality means that cause and effect are linked by more or less certain or probabilistic general laws covering many possible or potential instances; this can be recognized as a probabilized version of Hume’s criterion.

An occasion of singular causation is a particular occurrence of a definite complex of events that are physically linked by antecedence and contiguity, which may be recognized as criteria 1 and 2.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-causation/#EffCau

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-hume-causality/

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wesley-salmon/

 

علّت

در اصطلاح فلسفه، چیزی که هستی شیء دیگری به او وابسته است و با عدم آن، عدم این شی‌ء لازم می‌آید

علت تامه

اگر شیئی فقط به امری واحد وابسته باشد، آن امر «علّت تامه

 علت ناقصه؛ اگر شیئی فقط به امری واحد وابسته نباشد و  به امر دیگری نیز نیاز داشته باشد، آن امر «علت ناقصه» است

اگر این علت ناقصه  در داخل معلول باشد، و معلول به واسطۀ آن بالفعل شود، آن امر «علت صوری» است

 

 

اگر معلول به‌ واسطۀ‌ آن به وجود آید «علت فاعلی» است

 اگر معلول برای آن به‌وجود آید «علت غایی» است

مثلاً در یک کوزه، کوزه‌گر علت فاعلی؛ انگیزۀ آب نوشیدن به واسطۀ آن، علت غایی؛ صورت کوزه، علت صوری؛ و

خاک و آب (گِل) علت مادی کوزه  هستند

 

  علتِ بدون واسطه علت بالذّات است و

علتِ باواسطه علت بالعَرَض؛ گاه علت اولی یعنی خداوند نیز علت بالذّات دانسته شده است.

  علت مؤثر موجب پیدایش معلول است

علت  مُعِدّ زمینه‌آفرین پیدایش؛

علت بسیط علتی که در پیدایش معلول خود کافی است و نیاز به ضمیمه‌ای ندارد علت بسیط است والّا مرکب می‌باشد؛

 علت بالفعل و علت‌ بالقوه؛ علتی که تمام اجزای آن فعلیت دارد علت بالفعل است، والاّ بالقوه است؛

 علت فاعلی و غایی علل وجودی هستند

 

https://wikijoo.ir/index.php?title=%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%AA&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop

 

Loading